EXTERNAL OBSTETRIC EXAMINATION FOR ANTENATAL TRIAGE IN RESOURCE-CONSTRAINED SETTINGS: A CASE-BASED IMRAD REVIEW

Description

External obstetric examination is a frontline triage method where imaging and specialist access are limited. Objective: This article develops a case-based framework for using abdominal palpation, fundal-height interpretation and fetal auscultation to identify referral needs. Methods: International recommendations and diagnostic literature were reviewed and translated into practical triage categories. Results: Findings can be grouped into normal, uncertain and danger patterns. Discussion: The method is useful only when paired with referral pathways and documentation. Conclusion: External examination is not a substitute for ultrasound; it is a practical filter that can reduce delayed recognition of risk

Authors

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20769946

Publication Date: 2026-06-20

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