Theory of Base Field Pressure: Foundational Framework and Newtonian Limit (v16)

王 Wang, 迪 Di

Theory of Base Field Pressure: Foundational Framework and Newtonian Limit (v16)

Description

This is the flagship paper of the Theory of Base Field Pressure (BFP), a unified physical framework in which a single scalar field—the field pressure $P (x)$ —serves as the fundamental entity for describing gravitation, the speed of light, and cosmic evolution.

What is BFP?

BFP replaces dark matter and dark energy with two physical mechanisms derived from a minimal action principle:

Field pressure accumulation effect: Explains galaxy rotation curves (SPARC: 171/175 galaxies, 97.7% success rate) without dark matter.
Light-speed evolution: The speed of light varies with cosmic epoch as $c (z) = c_{0} (1 + z)^{- β}$ , with $β = 0.7360 \pm 0.0294$ determined from the Pantheon+ compilation of 1701 Type Ia supernovae ( $χ_{red 2} = 0.478$ ).

Note

Basal Field Pressure (BFP) Theory — Sole Original Author: Di Wang

ORCID: 0009-0004-2632-0165

Contact email: [email protected]

Key results in v16:

Dual-source redshift mechanism: The cosmological redshift arises from both spatial expansion ( $H_{a}$ ) and light-speed evolution ( $H_{c}$ ). The expansion fraction is rigorously derived as $f = H_{a} / H_{obs} = 1 + β = 1.7360$ . The true spatial expansion rate is $H_{a} \approx 124.7$ km/s/Mpc; the light-speed increase produces a blue-shift of $∣ H_{c} ∣ \approx 52.9$ km/s/Mpc. The observed Hubble constant $H_{0} = 71.87$ km/s/Mpc is the net residual.
CMB sound horizon: $r_{s} \approx 145.2$ Mpc, within 1.25% of the ΛCDM/Planck value of ≈147 Mpc, with a first acoustic peak at $ℓ_{1} \approx 219$ (Planck: 220).
Earth's field pressure domain: Critical radius $r_{c} \approx 2.59 \times 1 0^{5}$ km, validated by BeiDou satellite orbits and lunar recession (3.8 cm/yr).
Hubble tension resolution: BFP prediction $H_{0} = 71.87 \pm 0.26$ km/s/Mpc passes quantitative chi-squared test against SH0ES ( $χ^{2} / dof = 1.27$ , $p = 0.26$ , $1.1 σ$ ).
Gravitational wave tests: Five O1/O2 events (GW150914, GW151012, GW151226, GW170104, GW170608) all exhibit the BFP-predicted positive phase correction ( $p = 0.031$ ).
Complete validation matrix: BFP passes all nine independent observational tests spanning all cosmic epochs—BBN, CMB, early supermassive black holes, cosmic age, Hubble constant, supernova distances, galaxy rotation curves, structure growth rate, and GW170817—without parameter adjustment.

Classical tests of gravity:

BFP satisfies gravitational lensing (1.75'' solar deflection), GPS time dilation, and binary pulsar orbital decay within its unified framework.

Falsifiable predictions:

Isolated sub-millisecond pulsars, Sandage–Loeb redshift drift, specific ⁴He abundance deviation, and field pressure domain tests for deep-space missions.

What's new in v16:

Added the dual-source redshift mechanism (Sec. 2.5), rigorously deriving $f = 1 + β = 1.7360$
Updated CMB validation from "projected" to "passed": $r_{s} \approx 145.2$ Mpc (1.25% agreement with Planck)
Added early supermassive black holes (CANUCS-LRD-z8.6, $z = 8.6$ , $\sim 1 0^{8} M_{⊙}$ ) to the validation matrix
Simplified gravitational wave tests using permanently archived O1/O2 data
Updated references to companion papers on CMB sound horizon, early black holes, and early-Universe inflation alternative

Version: v16

Keywords: base field pressure, variable speed of light, dual-source redshift, CMB sound horizon, modified gravity, dark matter alternative, dark energy alternative, galaxy rotation curves, Hubble tension, gravitational lensing, binary pulsar, observational validation matrix

License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Related works:

Wang, D. (2026). The Sound Horizon in the Theory of Base Field Pressure: Resolving the CMB Tension via Dual-Source Redshift. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.20759281
Wang, D. (2026). Systematic Calculation and Analysis of Field Pressure Domains for Solar System Bodies (v2). Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.20731655
Wang, D. (2026). Early Universe without Inflation: Field Pressure Homogenization as the Origin of Cosmic Structure in BFP (v5). Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.20031528
Wang, D. (2026). Big Bang Nucleosynthesis in the Theory of Base Field Pressure. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.20540178
Wang, D. (2026). Field Pressure Condensates and the Origin of Early Supermassive Black Holes. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.20234363
Wang, D. (2026). Resolving the High-Redshift Cosmic Age Crisis and Large-Scale Structure Growth (v2). Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.20534820

Contact: [email protected]
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2632-0165

Authors

王 Wang, 迪 Di

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20759173

Publication Date: 2026-06-19

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