Internal migration is a defining feature of India’s socioeconomic landscape. Millions of individuals migrate annually across districts and states in search of employment, education, and better living conditions. Migrant workers play a crucial role in sectors such as construction, manufacturing, transportation, domestic work, hospitality, and agriculture. Despite their contribution to economic growth, internal migrants frequently face exclusion from welfare schemes, social security programs, and public services due to residence-based eligibility criteria and administrative barriers. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the vulnerabilities of migrant workers and highlighted the urgent need for portable social protection mechanisms. This article examines the relationship between migration, social protection, and legal inclusion in India. It analyzes constitutional guarantees, labor laws, welfare initiatives, and recent policy interventions aimed at improving the portability of rights and entitlements. The study argues that while significant progress has been made through initiatives such as the One Nation One Ration Card scheme and the e-Shram portal, substantial challenges remain in ensuring equitable access to social protection for migrant workers. A comprehensive rights-based approach is necessary to strengthen legal inclusion and promote inclusive development.
Publication Date: 2026-05-30