Biohybrid microrobots represent a transformative frontier in nanomedicine, merging biological entities with synthetic microstructures to achieve precise drug delivery. Unlike conventional nanocarriers, which often suffer from premature clearance, limited tissue penetration, and nonspecific biodistribution, biohybrid systems exploit the intrinsic motility, adaptability, and biocompatibility of living organisms while integrating engineered components for enhanced control. Recent advances (2021–2026) have demonstrated bacteria-driven, algae-based, and cell membrane-coated microrobots capable of navigating complex biological environments, particularly tumor microenvironments, through chemotaxis and hybrid propulsion strategies. Fabrication approaches employing polymers, hydrogels, and magnetic nanoparticles, combined with biofunctionalization techniques such as genetic engineering and membrane coating, have expanded their versatility. Drug loading strategies range from surface adsorption to encapsulation, while release mechanisms are triggered by biological signals or external stimuli. Applications span oncology, gastrointestinal delivery, infection treatment, and regenerative medicine. Despite promising outcomes, challenges remain in immune clearance, large-scale fabrication, and regulatory translation. This review critically evaluates the fundamentals, propulsion mechanisms, fabrication strategies, biomedical applications, and future perspectives of biohybrid microrobots, highlighting research gaps and interdisciplinary opportunities for clinical translation.
Publication Date: 2026-06-14